No, you won't be able to do this. The polygon collider island feature will merge and optimize the final mesh for performance reasons - so you end up with one collider regardless of how many islands you have.
One example use for it is for a background with a few platforms on there. Each platform would be an island on its own.
In order to create multiple zones like you require, you'll need multiple colliders. I don't think theres any way around that (apart from hacky solutions like guessing from positions, etc)